the inevitable ups and downs of incoming data, it appears the economy is growing at such a pace that absent policy action, progress, and reducing unemployment will likely be so for some time. in the meantime inflation is subdued, running at or below our long-run objective of 2%, while longer run inflation expectations remain well anchored. the federal funds rate were 3%, we would have in my view an open and shut case for lowering it. the complication, of course, is that the funds is at its lower bound which means we can't turn that dial further. we have to use unconventional tools such as land guidance about the future path of the funds rate. with respect to lsaps, my belief, this echos the views that chairman bernanke expressed at jackson hole, is that prior rounds of lsaps have placed a significant role in supporting activity and in preventing a worrisome undershoot of our inflation objective. the case is especially strong with respect to the first round of lsaps which was a very potent piece of policy action that helped to bring the economy back from the brink in 2009. however, we now fa